2 Suzi Mirgani, ‘Introduction: Art and Cultural Production in the GCC’, Journal of Arabian Studies, vol.7, no.1 (2017), pp.1–11.
5 Btihaj al-Ajana, ‘Branding, Legitimation and the Power of Museums: The Case of the Louvre Abu Dhabi’, Museum and Society, vol.13, no.3 (2015), p.316.
6 Karen Exell and Trinidad Rico, ‘“There is No Heritage in Qatar”: Orientalism, Colonialism and Other Problematic Histories’, World Archaeology, vol.45, no.4 (2013), pp.670–685.
10 Aseel al-Ragam, ‘The Politics of Representation: The Kuwaiti National Museum and Processes of Cultural Production’, International Journal of Heritage Studies, vol.20, no.6 (2013), pp.1–12.
11 Ibid.; UNESCO, The State of Kuwait: Kuwait National Museum: Assessment of Technical Assistance and Plan of Action (Paris, 1981).
12 Exell and Rico, p.674.
16 Matthew Gray, ‘Heritage, Public Space, and Cosmopolitanism in Contemporary Dubai and Qatar’, Journal of Islamic Area Studies, vol.9 (2017), p.9.
28 F. Gregory Gause III, Oil Monarchies: Domestic and Security Challenges in the Arab Gulf States (New York: Council on Foreign Relations Press, 1994), p.11.
31 Nazih Ayubi, Political Islam: Religion and Politics in the Arab World (London: Routledge, 1993), p.118.
32 Hootan Shambayati, ‘The Rentier State, Interest Groups, and the Paradox of Autonomy: State and Business in Turkey and Iran’, Comparative Politics, vol.26, no.3 (1994), pp.307–331.
33 Courtney Freer, ‘State Religious Authorities in Rentier Economies and the Management of Independent Islamism’, British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies, vol.47, no.1 (2020), pp.42–61.
35 Hazem Beblawi, ‘The Rentier State in the Arab World’, Arab Studies Quarterly, vol.9, no.4 (1987), pp.383–398; Giacomo Luciani, ‘Allocation vs. Production States’, in Hazem Beblawi and Giacomo Luciani (eds), The Rentier State (London: Croom Helm, 1987), pp.63–82.
36 Nadine Scharfenort, ‘The Msheireb Project in Doha: The Heritage of New Urban Design in Qatar’, in Karen Exell and Trinidad Rico (eds), Cultural Heritage Practices in the Arabian Peninsula: Debates, Discourses and Practices (London: Routledge, 2014), p.200.
40 Farah al-Nakib, Kuwait Transformed: A History of Oil and Urban Life (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2016), pp.218–219.
48 Lisa Anderson, ‘Dynasts and Nationalists: Why Monarchies Survive’, in Joseph Kostiner (ed.), Middle East Monarchies: The Challenge of Modernity (Boulder: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 2000), p.57.
50 Daniel Martin Varisco, ‘When the State Becomes a Non-State: Yemen between the Huthis, Hiraq and Al-Qaeda’, in Peter Sluglett and Victor Kattan (eds), Violent Radical Movements in the Arab World: The Ideology ad Politics of Non-State Actors (London: IB Tauris, 2019), p.145.
51 Saudi Arabia’s national day, for instance, observed on 23 September, commemorates the day on which King Abdulaziz pronounced the country a Kingdom in 1932. Qatar’s national day, on 18 December, marks the date on which Jassim bin Mohammed al-Thani became ruler in 1878 and is credited with having unified various tribes in the peninsula. Kuwait’s national day, 25 February, marks the date in 1965 when Shaykh Abdullah died. Bahrain’s Nation Day, 16 December, marks the date it declared independence, even though it was in fact 15 August, since that date corresponds with the coronation of former ruler Isa bin Salman al-Khalifa. Emirati National Day, 2 December, marks the UAE’s independence and unification under Shaykh Zayed al-Nahyan. Omani National Day, 18 November, celebrates independence from the Portuguese in 1650, while the day following is Sultan Qaboos’s birthday, another state holiday.
52 Michael Billig, Banal Nationalism (London: SAGE Publications, 1995), p.41.
54 Aseel al-Ragam, ‘The Politics of Representation: The Kuwait National Museum and Processes of Cultural Production’, International Journal of Heritage Studies, vol.20, no.6 (2014), p.666.
57 Mariam Ibrahim al-Mulla, ‘The Development of the First Qatar National Museum’, in Cultural Heritage in the Arabian Peninsula, p.117.
62 Exell and Rico, p.677.
63 Qatar’s Katara Cultural Village was opened in 2011 with the support of former amir, Shaykh Hamad bin Khalifa al-Thani; Abu Dhabi’s Heritage Village is another government-sponsored project meant to recreate traditional life in the emirate.
64 Sulayman Khalaf, ‘Poetics and Politics of Newly Invented Traditions in the Gulf: Camel Racing in the United Arab Emirates’, Ethnology, vol.39, no.3 (2000), p.244.
66 Pernilla Ouis, ‘Islamization as a Strategy for Reconciliation between Modernity and Tradition: Examples from Contemporary Arab Gulf States’, Islam and Christian-Muslim Relations, vol.13, no.3 (2002), p.17.
67 Oliver James Picton, ‘Usage of the Concept of Culture and Heritage in the United Arab Emirates – An Analysis of Sharjah Heritage Area’, Journal of Heritage Tourism, vol.5, no.1 (2010), p.75.
68 Miriam Cooke, Tribal Modern: Branding New Nations in the Arab Gulf (Berkeley: University of California, 2014), p.12.
71 As of 2008, percentages of non-nationals in GCC populations stood at 51 per cent in Bahrain, 68 per cent in Kuwait, 31 per cent in Oman, 87 per cent in Qatar, 27 per cent in Saudi Arabia, and 81 per cent in the UAE. Martin Baldwin-Edwards, ‘Labour Immigration and Labour Markets in the GCC Countries: National Patterns and Trends’, Kuwait Programme on Development, Governance and Globalisation in the Gulf States, no. 15, March 2011, p.10, http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/55239/1/Baldwin-Edwards_2011.pdf.
72 Ernest Gellner, Nationalism (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1997), p.3.
76 Natalie Koch, ‘Is Nationalism Just for Nationals?: Civic Nationalism for Noncitizens and Celebrating National Day in Qatar and the UAE’, Political Geography 54 (2016), p.48.
81 Sarina Wakefield, ‘Heritage, Cosmopolitanism and Identity in Abu Dhabi’, in Cultural Heritage in the Arabian Peninsula, p.108.
83 Martin Hvidt, ‘Planning for Development in the GCC States: A Content Analysis of Current Development Plans’, Journal of Arabian Studies, vol.2, no.2 (2012), pp.189–207.
97 Sarina Wakefield, ‘Contemporary Art and Migrant Identity “Construction” in the UAE and Qatar’, Journal of Arabian Studies, vol.7, no.1 (2017), pp.99–111.
118 Michel-Rolph Trouillot, Silencing the Past: Power and the Production of History (Boston: Beacon Press, 1995).
